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- ESSAY, Page 94What If the Soviet Union Collapses?
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- By David Aikman
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- The year is 1992. Gorbachev has been overthrown, and the
- Soviet empire has fallen apart. The Russian heartland is ruled
- by an ultra-nationalist military dictatorship, the Baltic
- republics by Catholic radicals, and Central Asia by
- fundamentalist emirates. Tanks patrol the streets of Moscow, and
- throughout the country a fearful, starving populace wreaks
- revenge on former Communist Party members, Jews and
- intellectuals.
-
- A sneak preview of the latest Tom Clancy effulgence?
- Hardly. This frightening scenario of Soviet collapse, titled
- Nevozraschenets (The Non-Returnee), was published last June in
- Iskusstvo Kino, the official journal of the Soviet movie
- industry. Its appearance reflects a mood of unprecedented
- pessimism and self-doubt, in which intellectuals and political
- figures have been speculating somberly about the catastrophes
- that could befall the Soviet Union if perestroika falls apart.
- Last September, for example, political oppositionist Boris
- Yeltsin, a former Moscow party boss, repeatedly warned of an
- impending disaster. "We are on the edge of an abyss," Yeltsin
- told a rapt audience at New York's Council on Foreign Relations.
- Yeltsin gave Gorbachev until next fall to produce results.
- Others have warned of an actual civil war by then.
-
- The ramifications of this possibility are so serious that
- they ought to worry the West more than they do. Would a complete
- Soviet collapse, after all, be a good or a bad thing?
-
- Evidence hinting at such an eventuality is widespread.
- Economically, the country is barely functional. At least 43
- million Soviets live below the official poverty level of 75
- rubles a month ($1,500 annually) and some regions of the country
- have resorted to widespread rationing of even the most essential
- goods.
-
- Riding atop the economic woes is the horseman of ethnic
- anarchy amid the 15 national republics that constitute the
- Soviet Union. Armenia and Azerbaijan are nearly at war with each
- other, Moldavia has been crippled by ethnically inspired
- strikes, Georgians are demanding an end to the "Soviet empire,"
- and in Lithuania the Communist Party has abolished its own
- monopoly of power, the most striking sign of Baltic nationalism
- to date.
-
- Such radicalism would not be possible without Gorbachev's
- glasnost. But the new openness in the Soviet media has also
- exposed irrational superstitions reminiscent of the last days
- of Czar Nicholas II. The TASS news agency reports with a
- straight face that aliens stepped out of UFOs in Voronezh. On
- TV, psychic healers appear frequently with supposed cures for
- everything from obesity to detached retinas. As in all periods
- of great stress, the Christian churches in Russia have seldom
- been fuller.
-
- The Soviet Union has formidable reserves of resiliency, as
- it showed during the crisis of Hitler's invasion. But what if
- the dark forebodings of a Soviet screenwriter came true?
-
- A Soviet national catastrophe might take either of two
- forms: a "revolution from below" or a coup from the right. A
- hint of the first surfaced last summer, when half a million
- Soviet miners went on strike. The miners not only won all of
- their basic demands, but set up strike committees that became
- for a while the headquarters of local political power. Yeltsin
- himself has called those committees "the embryos of real
- people's power." If a new wave of strikes rolled across the
- Soviet Union, the nationwide momentum from below for political
- change might prove unstoppable.
-
- Last week's narrow defeat of a Supreme Soviet motion to
- debate an end to one-party rule showed just how tenuous the
- authority of the Soviet Communist Party now is. Striking workers
- might bring about not only a collapse of power in Moscow but the
- snapping of links to the outlying republics. A wave of
- secessionism might then follow, with the probability of
- murderous ethnic strife in its wake.
-
- The second scenario of Soviet catastrophe is a coup from
- the Soviet "right" engineered by the army, perhaps in
- conjunction with the KGB. Though many top Soviets -- including
- Yeltsin -- dismiss this scenario, Central Committee members
- voiced fears of a coup to Marshall Goldman, a leading American
- Sovietologist, last summer. The coup menace is exacerbated by
- the growing strength of Russian ultra-nationalist organizations.
- Extremist groups like Pamyat have targeted Jews (a paranoid
- Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory), "intellectuals" and
- "Russophobes" as scapegoats for national decline. The
- nationalists are at heart anti-Communist, but their appeal
- overlaps with a growing blue-collar nostalgia for the despotic
- simplicities of the Stalinist era.
-
- A total collapse of the Soviet Un-ion might create almost
- as many global problems as it solved. Regional despotisms like
- Fidel Castro's Cuba or Najibullah's Afghanistan would probably
- wither quickly, as might many Third World Communist
- insurgencies. The U.S. economy would benefit handsomely from
- vastly reduced defense expenditures. But the blessings of a
- Soviet collapse would certainly be mixed. Just as the
- dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I led
- to Hitler's brutal exploitation of the resulting power vacuum,
- so the end of the Pax Sovietica in Eurasia might touch off an
- ethnic bloodbath among the squabbling successor regimes. For
- University of Alabama historian Hugh Ragsdale, a Soviet collapse
- would lead to a disastrous "Balkanization" of Eurasia and the
- emergence of "dozens of Khomeinis . . . skulking incognito among
- the Sufis and dervishes of the region." The disappearance of
- Soviet influence would probably also hasten the emergence of a
- united German superstate intimidating to both its Eastern and
- Western neighbors.
-
- Gorbachev's own vision remains that of a Soviet Union that
- is sufficiently open to be honest about its problems but
- sufficiently centralized to remain a powerful Leninist state.
- The trouble is, how many other Soviet citizens share it? The
- glasnost he unleashed has turned into a dangerous tiger for 280
- million people to ride. If Gorbachev offers no realistic
- alternative to continued Leninism, he may be forced to try
- caging it once more -- which he probably will -- or to face the
- dissolution of the "socialist sixth of the earth."
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